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5-Hour System Design Course: Complete Foundations for Interviews
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The course starts with how the internet works: the client-server model, DNS resolution, TCP versus UDP, HTTP methods and status codes, and TLS. Those basics are then used to explain why a request takes the time it does, and why latency numbers matter when designing a service.
Most of the running time goes to data and capacity. Indexing with B-trees, ACID transactions, SQL against NoSQL stores, replication and sharding are all covered, followed by vertical and horizontal scaling, back-of-envelope estimation and cache strategies such as cache-aside and eviction policies.
Marked as beginner level, it suits developers new to system design who want the foundations in one sitting. Its chapters line up with common interview topics, so it can also serve as a reference to revisit one section at a time.
5-Hour System Design Course: Complete Foundations for Interviews
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Timestamps:
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INTRODUCTION & HOW THE INTERNET WORKS
0:00:00 Welcome & Course Overview
0:01:15 Course Structure & Roadmap
0:02:53 Seven Foundational Concepts
0:05:27 The Client-Server Model
0:10:05 DNS (Domain Name System)
0:13:03 DNS Resolution Step by Step
0:15:14 DNS in System Design (GeoDNS, Failover, CDN)
0:18:00 IP Addresses & Ports
0:20:57 TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
0:23:16 UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
0:26:11 HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
0:28:56 HTTP Methods & Idempotency
0:32:33 HTTP Status Codes
0:36:17 TLS (Transport Layer Security)
0:39:19 Complete Request-Response Lifecycle
0:41:48 What Happens When You Open YouTube
0:44:56 Latency & Round-Trip Time
0:46:19 Latency Numbers Every Engineer Should Know
SERVERS & APPLICATION ARCHITECTURE
0:52:11 What Is a Server?
0:53:30 Server Types (Bare Metal, VM, Container, Serverless)
0:55:47 Single Server Architecture
0:58:48 Stateful vs Stateless Servers
1:03:44 Three Server Types (Web, Application, Database)
1:07:36 Reverse Proxies
1:10:24 API Gateways
1:14:36 Monolithic Architecture
1:17:34 Microservices Architecture
1:20:51 Monolith vs Microservices Trade-Offs
1:23:37 When to Split the Monolith
DATABASES
1:28:52 Why Databases Matter
1:32:18 Relational Databases (SQL)
1:35:18 Schema Design (Users Table Example)
1:38:29 Primary Keys & Foreign Keys
1:41:35 Joins (INNER, LEFT, RIGHT, FULL OUTER)
1:43:56 Building an Instagram Feed Query
1:45:45 Database Indexing
1:48:36 How B-Trees Work
1:51:50 Real Index Performance Numbers
1:53:35 Index Write Penalty & Read-to-Write Ratios
1:56:16 ACID Properties
1:58:05 ACID in Action: Bank Transfer Example
2:01:00 NoSQL Databases Overview
2:02:53 Key-Value Stores (Redis, DynamoDB)
2:05:51 Document Stores (MongoDB)
2:08:37 Wide Column Stores (Cassandra)
2:13:05 SQL vs NoSQL Decision Framework
2:18:28 Normalization (1NF, 2NF, 3NF)
2:21:05 Denormalization for Performance
2:25:51 Database Replication
2:29:30 Replication Lag & Read-After-Write Consistency
2:32:17 Database Sharding
2:34:37 Hash-Based vs Range-Based Sharding
2:37:07 Sharding at Instagram Scale (Real Numbers)
2:39:33 Sharding Challenges (Cross-Shard, Hotspots, Resharding)
SCALING & CAPACITY ESTIMATION
2:46:17 Why Scaling Matters
2:49:14 Vertical Scaling
2:52:04 Horizontal Scaling
2:54:28 Vertical vs Horizontal Comparison
2:56:46 Stage 1-4: Single Server to Read Replicas (0-1M Users)
2:59:40 Stage 5-6: Caching & CDN (1M-100M Users)
3:01:40 Stage 7-8: Sharding & Microservices (100M-1B+ Users)
3:03:32 Complete Scaling Progression Summary
3:07:00 Back-of-Envelope Estimation
3:08:50 QPS Estimation (Instagram Example)
3:11:01 Storage Estimation
3:13:11 Bandwidth Estimation
3:14:55 Complete Estimation: WhatsApp Scale
3:18:26 Common Estimation Mistakes
CACHING
3:23:25 What Is Caching?
3:25:33 Why Caching Works (80/20 Rule)
3:28:30 Cache Hits, Cache Misses & Hit Rate Math
3:31:23 Four Caching Layers (Browser, CDN, App, DB)
3:34:09 Cache-Aside Pattern (Lazy Loading)
3:36:28 Write-Through & Write-Behind Patterns
3:39:45 Cache Eviction Policies Overview
3:41:44 LRU (Least Recently Used) Deep Dive
3:46:51 Cache Invalidation: The Hard Problem
3:48:48 Invalidation Strategies (TTL, Event-Based, Hybrid)
3:51:16 Redis Deep Dive
3:53:48 Redis Data Structures & Real-World Examples
3:56:24 Cache Failure Modes (Stampede, Penetration, Avalanche)
4:01:28 Caching at Scale: Netflix & Instagram
LOAD BALANCING
4:08:01 Why Load Balancers Matter
4:10:02 What a Load Balancer Does
4:13:14 Load Balancer Placement (Edge, Regional, Internal)
4:15:20 Round Robin & Weighted Round Robin
4:17:46 Least Connections & IP Hash
4:20:51 Algorithm Comparison & Decision Framework
4:23:09 Layer 4 vs Layer 7 Load Balancing
4:28:06 Health Checks (Shallow & Deep)
4:32:14 Load Balancer Redundancy (Active-Passive & Active-Active)
4:34:47 Global Server Load Balancing (GSLB)
CONTENT DELIVERY NETWORKS (CDN)
4:42:38 The Physics Problem CDNs Solve
4:45:16 CDN Architecture (Origin & Edge Servers)
4:48:07 CDN Request Flow (Cache Hit & Cache Miss)
4:50:26 CDN Impact: Latency, Bandwidth & Cost
4:52:42 Pull CDN vs Push CDN
4:55:08 Cache Control Headers
4:57:20 CDN Invalidation & Version URLs
4:58:53 CDN at Instagram Scale (Real Numbers)
5:01:17 CDN Cost Structure & Pricing
5:04:17 When Not to Use a CDN
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About me:
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I'm Mukul Raina, a Senior Software Engineer and Tech Lead at Microsoft, with a Master's in Computer Science from the University of Oxford. On this channel, I create technical deep dives on System Design and ML/AI architectures.
#SystemDesign #SystemDesignInterview #SoftwareEngineering #FAANG #SystemDesignCourse #SeniorEngineer #TechInterview #DistributedSystems
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